This has got to be the most eyeopening reading material that you will most probably not find anymore for it's "Political Incorrectness". As we know, especially in SA and other democratic liberal countries race discussions are considered taboo and we are said to "BE THE SAME". Nothing can be further from the truth as Race is more than Skin Deep. All credit to Prof J Phillippe Rushton for this exceptional masterpiece! Original can be viewed and saved from below link.
F.V de Wet
http://www.charlesdarwinresearch.org/Race_Evolution_Behavior.pdf
A Life History Perspective
2nd Special Abridged Edition
Professor J. Philippe Rushton
University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C22
Acclaim for J. Philippe Rushton’s
Author
J. Philippe Rushton is a professor of psychology at the University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario, Canada. Rushton holds two doctorates from the University of London (Ph.D.
and D.Sc) and is a Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, and the American, British, and Canadian Psychological
Associations. He is also a member of the Behavior Genetics Association, the Human Behavior
and Evolution Society, and the Society for Neuroscience. Rushton has published six books and
nearly 200 articles. In 1992 the Institute for Scientific Information ranked him the 22nd most
published psychologist and the 11th most cited. Professor Rushton is listed in Who’s Who in
Science and Technology, Who’s Who in International Authors, and Who’s Who in Canada.
Part 1
Race Is More Than Skin Deep
Is race real? Do the races differ in
behavior as well as in body? Are such views
just the result of white racism? Modern
science shows a three-way pattern of race
differences in both physical traits and
behavior. On average, Orientals are slower
to mature, less fertile, less sexually active,
less aggressive, and have larger brains
and higher IQ scores. Blacks are at the
other pole. Whites fall in the middle,
but closer to Orientals than to Blacks.
White men can't jump. Asian men can’t either. But according to Jon Entine’s new book, Taboo:
Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We Are Afraid to Talk About It, Black men — and women
— sure can. The usual reason given for Black athletic success is that Blacks have little chance to get
ahead elsewhere. But Entine’s new book shows that in sports, Blacks have a genetic edge.
The physical facts Entine reviews are quite well known. Compared to Whites, Blacks have
narrower hips which gives them a more efficient stride. They have a shorter sitting height which provides
a higher center of gravity and a better balance. They have wider shoulders, less body fat, and more
muscle. Their muscles include more fast twitch muscles which produce power. Blacks have from 3 to
19% more of the sex hormone testosterone than Whites or East Asians. The testosterone translates
into more explosive energy.
Entine points out that these physical advantages give Blacks the edge in sports like boxing,
basketball, football, and sprinting. However, some of these race differences pose a problem for Black
swimmers. Heavier skeletons and smaller chest cavities limit their performance.
Race differences show up early in life. Black babies are born a week earlier than White babies,
yet they are more mature as measured by bone development. By age five or six, Black children excel in
the dash, the long jump, and the high jump, all of which require a short burst of power. By the teenage
years, Blacks have faster reflexes, as in the famous knee-jerk response.
East Asians run even less well than Whites. The same narrow hips, longer legs, more muscle, and
more testosterone that give Blacks an advantage over Whites, give Whites an advantage over East Asians.
But admitting these genetic race differences in sports leads to the greater taboo area — race differences in
brain size and crime. That is why it is taboo to even say that Blacks are better at many sports.
The reason why Whites and East Asians have wider hips than Blacks, and so make poorer runners
is because they give birth to larger brained babies. During evolution, increasing cranial size meant women
had to have a wider pelvis. Further, the hormones that give Blacks an edge at sports makes them restless
in school and prone to crime.
Race in History
Even before there were any intelligence tests, philosophers, statesmen, merchants, and others
thought there was a link between race, intelligence, and cultural achievement. Aristotle, Plato, Voltaire,
and David Hume all believed this. So did Broca, Darwin, Galton, and all the founders of evolution and
anthropology. Even Freud believed in some race differences. But this began to change in the 1920s with
Franz Boas and James B. Watson, who believed that culture could change just about anything. Today,
writers like Jared Diamond in Guns, Germs and Steel (1997) and S. J. Gould in The Mismeasure of Man
(1996) tell us there is no link between race, intelligence, and culture. The differences we see are all just
because of bad luck or White racism.
The first explorers in East Africa wrote that they were shocked by the nudity, paganism,
cannibalism, and poverty of the natives. Some claimed Blacks had the nature "of wild animals... most of
them go naked... the child does not know his father, and they eat people." Another claimed they had a
natural sense of rhythm so that if a Black "were to fall from heaven to earth he would beat time as he goes
down." A few even wrote books and made paintings of Africans with over-sized sex organs.
Sound familiar? All just a reflection of racism? Maybe so, but these examples are not from 19th
Century European colonialists or KKK hate literature. They come from the Muslim Arabs who first
entered Black Africa over 1,200 years ago (in the 700s), as detailed in Bernard Lewis’s 1990 book, Race
and Slavery in the Middle East.
Several hundred years later, European explorers had the same impressions. They wrote that
Africans seemed to have a very low intelligence and few words to express complex thoughts. They
praised some tribes for making fine pottery, forging iron, carving wooden art, and making musical
instruments. But more often, they were shocked by the near nakedness of the people, their poor sanitary
habits, simple houses, and small villages. They found no wheels for making pots, grinding corn, or for
transport, no farm animals, no writing, no money, and no numbering systems.
The Whites who explored China were just as racist as those who explored Africa, but their
descriptions were different from what they and the Arabs had written about Africans. In 1275 Marco Polo
arrived in China from his native Italy to open trade with the Mongol Empire. He found that the Chinese
had well built roads, bridges, cities connected by canals, census takers, markets, standardized weights and
measures, and not only coins, but paper money as well. Even a postal system was in existence. All of
these made him marvel when he compared the Chinese to what he saw in Europe and the Middle East.
Even though he was an Italian, proud of his people and well aware of the greatness of Ancient Rome,
Marco Polo wrote: "Surely there is no more intelligent race on earth than the Chinese."
Historical research bears out Marco Polo’s impressions. As early as 360 B.C., the Chinese used
the cross bow and changed the face of warfare. Around 200-100 B.C., the Chinese used written exams to
choose people for the civil service, two thousand years before Britain. The Chinese used printing about
800 A.D., some 600 years before Europe saw Gutenberg’s first Bible. Paper money was used in China in
1300, but not in Europe until the 19th and 20th centuries. By 1050 Chinese chemists had made
gunpowder, hand grenades, fire arrows, and rockets of oil and poison gas. By 1100, factories in China
with 40,000 workers were making rockets. Flame throwers, guns, and cannons were used in China by the
13th century, about 100 years before Europe.
The Chinese used the magnetic compass as early as the 1st century. It is not found in European
records until 1190. In 1422, seventy years before Columbus’s three small ships crossed the Atlantic, the
Chinese reached the east coast of Africa. They came in a great fleet of 65 ocean going ships filled with
27,000 soldiers and their horses, and a year’s supply of grain, meat, and wine. With their gunpowder
weapons, navigation, accurate maps and magnetic compasses, the Chinese could easily have gone around
the tip of Africa and “discovered” Europe!
In the last five centuries, the European nations leapfrogged over the Chinese in science and
technology. Since 1950, however, Japan has beaten the West in the production of many high-tech
products. Other Pacific Rim countries (China, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea) now follow Japan’s
path. Africa, on the other hand, has fallen further behind. The poor conditions of African countries and
Black America have become a concern to many. Much of the optimism of the U.S. Civil Rights
movement of the 1960s is gone, along with the high hopes for independent African nations. Trillions of
dollars of foreign aid have poured into Africa. Yet African economies have declined since the Europeans
left.
Neglect and decay are seen everywhere in Africa and much of the West Indies. International
corporations often have to provide their own power, their own water, and their own phones. In the age of
computers, fax machines, and the world wide web, getting a dial tone in many African cities is difficult.
Race in Today’s World
For the past twenty years I have studied race differences in brain size, intelligence, sexuality,
personality, growth rate, life span, crime, and family stability. On all of these traits, Orientals fall at one
end of the spectrum, Blacks fall at the other end, and Whites fall in between.
Chart 1 lists the differences between the three major races: Orientals (East Asians, Mongoloids),
Whites (Europeans, Caucasoids), and Blacks (Africans, Negroids). To keep things simple, I will use these
common names instead of scientific ones and will not discuss subgroups within the races.
On average, Orientals are slower to mature, less fertile, and less sexually active, have larger
brains and higher IQ scores. Blacks are at the opposite end in each of these areas. Whites fall in the
middle, often close to Orientals. The evidence shows that this is due to both genes and environment. I
have suggested an evolutionary theory to explain this three-way pattern.
Of course, these differences are averages. The full range of behaviors, good and bad, is found in
every race. No group has a monopoly on virtue or vice, wisdom or folly. However, this pattern is true
over time and across nations and this means that we cannot ignore it.
Plan of the Book
This chapter briefly describes the 3-way pattern of race differences. The following chapters
provide more detail. Many statistics in Chart 1 come from the United States, where Orientals are a “model minority.” They have fewer divorces, fewer out-of-wedlock births, and fewer reports of child abuse than Whites. More Orientals graduate from college and fewer go to prison.
On the other hand Blacks are 12% of the American population and make up 50% of the prison
population. In the U.S., one out of every three Black men is either in jail, on probation, or awaiting trial.
That is much more than the number who graduate from college.
Chapter 2 shows how this racial pattern in crime is found worldwide. INTERPOL Yearbooks
show the rate of violent crime (murder, rape, and serious assault) is four times lower in Asian and Pacific
Rim countries than in African and Caribbean countries. Whites in the United States and in European
countries are intermediate. The 1996 INTERPOL violent crime rates clearly show this pattern: Asian
countries, 35 violent crimes per 100,000 people; European countries, 42; and African countries, 149.
Chapter 2 also finds that Oriental children are slower to mature than White children while Black
children are faster to mature. This is true for the rate of bone and tooth development and the age at which
a child first sits, crawls, walks, and puts on clothing. Oriental children do not begin to walk until about 13
months, White children at 12 months, and Black children at 11 months.
Chapter 3 looks at racial differences in sexual activity. Orientals are the least sexually active,
whether measured by age of first intercourse, intercourse frequency, or number of sexual partners. Blacks
are the most active on all of these. Once again Whites are in between. These contrasts in sexual activity
lead to differences in the rate of diseases like syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes, and chlamydia. There are high
levels of AIDS in Africa, Black America, and the Caribbean and low levels in China and Japan. European
countries again fall in between.
The races differ in rate of ovulation (Chapter 3). Not all women produce one egg during the
menstrual cycle. When two or more eggs are produced at the same time, a pregnancy is more likely. So is
the likelihood of producing fraternal twins (i.e., two-egg twins). The number of twins born is 16 out of
every 1,000 births for Blacks, 8 out of every 1,000 births for Whites, and 4 or less for Orientals. Triplets
and other multiple births are rarest in Orientals and highest in Blacks, with Whites in between.
Chapter 4 is about race and intelligence. Hundreds of studies on millions of people show a threeway
pattern. IQ tests are often made to have an average score of 100, with a “normal” range from 85 to
115. Whites average from 100 to 103. Orientals in Asia and the U.S. tend to have higher scores, about
106, even though IQ tests were made for use in the Euro-American culture. Blacks in the U.S., the
Caribbean, Britain, Canada, and in Africa average lower IQs -- about 85. The lowest average IQs are
found for sub-Saharan Africans -- from 70 to 75.
Chapter 4 also looks at brain size. Bigger brains have more brain cells and this leads to higher
IQs. The races vary in brain size. The Collaborative Perinatal Project followed more than 35,000 children
from birth to seven years. Orientals had larger brains than Whites at birth, four months, one year, and
seven years. Whites had larger brains than Blacks at all ages (see Chart 2). The data on adults in Chart 2
come from a sample of 6,325 U.S. Army personnel.
Chapter 5 asks whether differences in our brain size, our bodies and our behavior are because of
genes, environment, or both. It also asks whether individual differences can tell us anything about race
differences.
Why Are There Race Differences?
Why does history show Africa trailing behind Asia and Europe? Why do Whites average between
Orientals and Blacks in so many areas? Why do the groups with larger brains have lower rates of two-egg
twinning? To know the answer you must look at all of the traits taken together (see Chart 1).
The traits in Chart 1 form a pattern. No known environmental factor can explain all of them taken
together. There is, however, a gene based explanation. The patterns make up what is called a “lifehistory.”
They evolved together to meet the trials of life -- survival, growth, and reproduction.
Chapter 6 discusses the gene based “life-history theory” I have proposed to explain the racial
pattern in brain size, intelligence, and other traits. Evolutionary biologists call it the r-K scale of
reproductive strategies. At one end of this scale are r-strategies that rely on high reproductive rates. At
the other end are K-strategies that rely on high levels of parental care. This scale is generally used to
compare the life histories of different species of animals. I have used it to explain the smaller but real
differences between the human races.
On this scale, Orientals are more K-selected than Whites, while Whites are more K-selected than
Blacks. Highly K-selected women produce fewer eggs (and have bigger brains) than r-selected women.
Highly K-selected men invest time and energy in their children rather than the pursuit of sexual thrills.
They are “dads” rather than “cads.”
Chapter 7 shows that the race differences in reproductive strategies make sense in terms of human
evolution. Modern humans evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago. Africans and non-Africans then
split about 100,000 years ago. Orientals and Whites split about 40,000 years ago.
The more north the people went “Out of Africa,” the harder it was to get food, gain shelter, make
clothes, and raise children. So the groups that evolved into today’s Whites and Orientals needed larger
brains, more family stability, and a longer life. But building a bigger brain takes time and energy during a
person’s development. So, these changes were balanced by slower rates of growth, lower levels of sex
hormones, less aggression, and less sexual activity.
Why? Because Africa, Europe, and Asia had very different climates and geographies that called
for different skills, resource usage, and lifestyles. Blacks evolved in a tropical climate which contrasted
with the cooler one of Europe in which Whites evolved and even more so with the cold Arctic lands
where Orientals evolved.
Because intelligence increased the chances of survival in harsh winter environments, the groups
that left Africa had to evolve greater intelligence and family stability. This called for larger brains, slower
growth rates, lower hormone levels, less sexual potency, less aggression, and less impulsivity. Advanced
planning, self-control, rule-following, and longevity all increased in the non-Africans.
I realize that these topics are controversial and that readers will have many questions.
Chapter 8 lists the questions I am most asked about Race, Evolution, and Behavior, and my answers to them.
Conclusion
Race is more than “just skin deep.” The pattern of Oriental-White-Black differences is found
across history, geographic boundaries, and political-economic systems. It proves the biological reality of
race. Theories based only on culture cannot explain all the data shown in Chart 1. The next three chapters
describe the scientific findings on race differences (summarized in Chart 1) in greater detail. Later
chapters explain why these differences follow such a pattern.
Additional Readings
Entine, J. (2000). Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We Are Afraid to Talk About It.
New York: Public Affairs Press.
Lewis, B. (1990). Race and Slavery in the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rushton, J. P. (1997). Cranial size and IQ in Asian Americans from birth to age seven. Intelligence, 25, 7-
20.
